From ConstructedLanguages
[edit] Consonant charts
[edit] Pulmonic consonants
|
| Bilabial
| Labio-dental
| Dental
| Alveolar
| Post-alveolar
| Retroflex
| Alveolo-palatal
| Palatal
| Velar
| Uvular
| Pharyngeal
| Epiglottal
| Glottal
|
| Nasal
| m̥ m
| ɱ
| n̪
| n̥ n
| n̠
| ɳ
|
| ɲ̥ ɲ
| ŋ̊ ŋ
| ɴ
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
| p b
| p̪ b̪
| t̪ d̪
| t d
| t̠ d̠
| ʈ ɖ
|
| c ɟ
| k g
| q ɢ
|
| ʡ
| ʔ
|
| Affricate
| p͡ɸ b͡β
| p̪͡f b̪͡v
| t̪͡θ d̪͡ð
| t͡s d͡z
| t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
| ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ
| t͡ɕ d͡ʑ
| c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ
| k͡x g͡ɣ
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
| ɸ β
| f v
| θ ð
| s z θ̠ ð̠
| ʃ ʒ
| ʂ ʐ
| ɕ ʑ
| ç ʝ
| x ɣ
| χ ʁ
| ħ ʕ
| ʜ ʢ
| h ɦ
|
| Approximant
| β̞
| ʋ
|
| ɹ
|
| ɻ
|
| j
| ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
| Trill
| ʙ
|
|
| r
|
| ɽ͡r
|
|
|
| ʀ
|
| я
|
|
| Flap or tap
| ⱱ̟
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
| ɽ
|
|
|
| ɢ̆
|
| ʡ̯
|
|
| Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| ɬ ɮ
|
| ɭ˔̊
|
| ʎ̥˔
| ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
| ɭ
|
| ʎ
| ʟ
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral flap
|
|
|
| ɺ
|
| ɺ̠
|
| ʎ̯
|
|
|
|
|
|
[edit] Non-pulmonic consonants
[edit] Ejectives
Ejective consonants are marked in the IPA with an apostrophe. Voiced ejectives are thought by many to be impossible for humans to produce.
|
| Bilabial
| Labio-dental
| Dental
| Alveolar
| Post-alveolar
| Retroflex
| Alveolo-palatal
| Palatal
| Velar
| Uvular
| Pharyngeal
| Epiglottal
| Glottal
|
| Plosive
| p'
|
|
| t'
|
| ʈ'
|
| c'
| k'
| q'
|
|
|
|
| Affricate
| p͡ɸ'
| p̪͡f'
|
|
| t͡ʃ'
| ʈ͡ʂ'
| t͡ɕ'
| c͡ç'
| k͡x'
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
| ɸ'
| f'
| θ'
| s'
| ʃ'
| ʂ'
| ɕ'
| ç'
| x'
| χ'
|
|
|
|
[edit] Vowel chart
|
| Front
| Near-front
| Central
| Near-back
| Back
|
| Close
| i y
|
| ɨ ʉ
|
| ɯ u
|
| Near-close
|
| ɪ ʏ
| ɪ̈ ʊ̈
| ʊ
|
|
| Close-mid
| e ø
|
| ɘ ɵ
|
| ɤ o
|
| Mid
| e̞ ø̞
|
| ə
|
| ɤ̞ o̞
|
| Open-mid
| ɛ œ
|
| ɜ ɞ
|
| ʌ ɔ
|
| Near-open
| æ
|
| ɐ
|
|
|
| Open
| a ɶ
|
| ä
|
| ɑ ɒ
|
Here is another version of the vowel chart:
|
| Front
| Near-front
| Central
| Near-back
| Back
|
| Close
| 
|
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
• ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ •
ɐ
a • ɶ
ä
ɑ • ɒ
|
|
| Near‑close
|
| Close‑mid
|
| Mid
|
| Open‑mid
|
| Near‑open
|
| Open
|